Framework for 3D-Printed Therapeutic Release and Skeletal Structure Regeneration

Bone provides the structural integrity to our body besides the other imperative functions, such as protecting vital organs, providing an environment for bone marrow, creating blood cells, and acting as a storage area for minerals, particularly calcium. The repair of skeletal disorders is one of the most challenging goals for surgery and related science and a vital need for our society. Degenerative bone disease is caused by trauma or other bone-related disorders like osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, bone tuberculosis, etc., increasing fracture risk and bone deformation [1]. The repair of bone fractures due to these skeletal disorders generally treated with reconstructing bone using temporary and permanent implants such as screws and plates. The materials and the mechanical properties of these implants are critical aspects. Most implants consist of metallic materials resulting in biocompatibility issues like allergies and biomechanical discontinuities like modulus mismatch, resulting in "stress-shielding." Therefore, in recent years a trend from reconstruction using an implant to regeneration can be observed [2]. Regeneration aims at supporting the self-healing capacities of our bodies. However, the body's self-healing capacities are limited. Mechanical stabilization of the fracture site is one of the requirements for healing. The defect in the order of 2.5 cm or higher seems to have a poor natural regeneration history and usually demarcated as a critical size defect, even if mechanically stabilized, resulting in a non-union [3]. These defects need to be filled with either natural or synthesis grafting medium to enable regeneration [2].