Metabolism and Functions of Bioactive Ether Lipids in the Brain

Occurrence and importance of ether lipids in brain.- Introduction.- Classification of ether lipids found in brain.- Physicochemical properties of ether lipids.- Fecapentaenes, the novel plasmalogens.- Other ether lipid found in mammalian tissues.- Lipid metabolism in ether lipid-deficient mice.- Conclusion.- Biosynthesis of plasmalogens in brain.- General considerations and distribution of plasmalogens in brain.- Biosynthesis of plasmalogens.- Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase.- Alkyl-dihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase.- Acyl/alkyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase 2.2.4. Alkyl-GP acyltransferase.- Alkylacyl-GP phosphohydrolase.- CDP-ethanomamine: diacylglycerol ethanolaminephosphotransferase.- Plasmalogen synthesizing enzymes during brain development.- Topology and distribution of plasmalogen and plasmalogen synthesizing enzymes.- Plasmalogens in lipid rafts.- Plasmalogens in the nucleus.- Factors affecting plasmalogen biosynthesis in brain.- Conclusion.- Catabolism of plasmalogens in brain.- Introduction.- Plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2.- Receptor-mediated degradation of plasmalogens.- Regulation of PlsEtn-PLA2.- Turnover of Plasmalogen in brain.- Remodeling of plasmalogens (Reacylation/deacylation reactions).- Degradation of plasmalogens by phospholipase C.- Non-enzymic oxidation of plasmalogens in brain.- Plasmalogen-derived lipid mediators and their importance in brain.- Lysoplasmalogens in brain.- Conclusion.- Assay and purification of plasmalogen-selective phospholipase A2 and lysoplasmalogenase activities.- Introduction.- Determination of PlsEtn and PlsCho-PLA2 by radiochemical procedures.- Preparation of radiolabled [3H] plasmenylcholine (choline plasmalogen).- Labeling of lysoplasmenylcholine at the sn-2 position.- Determination of PlsCho-PLA2 activity.- Determination of PlsEtn-PLA2 by fluorometric assay.- Purification of ethanolamine plasmalogen.- Labeling of ethanolamine plasmalogen with pyrenesulfonyl chloride.- Determination of PlsEtn-PLA2 activity with pyrene-labeled plasmalogen.- Continuous spectrophotometric determination of PlsEtn-PLA2.- Determination of lysoplasmalogenase.- Continuous spectrophotometric procedure for lysoplasmalogenase.- Continuous spectrofluorometric procedure for lysoplasmalogenase.- Activities of plasmalogen-selective PLA2 in brains of various animal species and cultured cells of neuronal and glial origin.- Determination of lysoplasmalogenase activity in rat liver and brain microsomes.- Purification of plasmalogen-selective PLA2 from brain.- Purification of lysoplasmalogenase from liver.- Conclusion.- Roles of plasmalogens in brain.- Introduction.- Roles of plasmalogens in brain.- Plasmalogens as neural membrane components.- Plasmalogens as a storage depot for second messengers.- Plasmalogens in regulation of enzymic activities.- Plasmalogens in membrane fusion.- Plasmalogens in ion transport.- Plasmalogens in high density lipoprotein.- Plasmalogen, cholesterol oxidation, efflux and atherosclerosis.- Plasmalogens and their antioxidant activity.- Plasmalogen and generation of long-chain aldehydes.- Plasmalogen in differentiation.- Plasmalogens in ocular development.- Plasmalogens as precursors for PAF.- Conclusion.- Involvement of plasmalogens in neurological disorders.- Introduction.- Plasmalogens in neurological disorders.- Plasmalogens in ischemic injury.- Plasmalogens in Alzheimer disease.- Plasmalogens in spinal cord injury.- Plasmalogens in peroxisomal disorders.- Plasmalogens in Sjogren-Larsson syndrome.- Plasmalogens in malnutrition.- Plasmalogens in fetal alcohol syndrome.- Plasmalogens in diabetic heart.- Plasmalogens in other neurological disorders.- Plasmalogens in uraemic patients.- Plasmalogens in myelin