

Das Deutsche Heer des Kaiserreiches zur Jahrhundertwende 1871-1918 - Band 4
Deutsches Heer war die offizielle Bezeichnung der Landstreitkräfte des Deutschen Kaiserreiches von 1871 bis 1918. Die Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches verwendet daneben noch den Begriff „Reichsheer” in Anlehnung an das Bundesheer des Norddeutschen Bundes.
Oberbefehlshaber des Deutschen Heeres war der Kaiser. Die Truppenkontingente der deutschen Bundesstaaten standen aufgrund von Militärkonventionen unter preußischem Kommando oder waren ins preußische Heer eingegliedert. Ausnahmen waren die Heere der Königreiche Bayern, Sachsen und Württemberg. Diese Staaten hatten sich beim Beitritt zum Norddeutschen Bund sogenannte Reservatrechte ausgehandelt oder entsprechende Regelungen mit Preußen vereinbart. Das bayerische, sächsische und das württembergische Heer stand im Frieden unter dem Befehl seines jeweiligen Landesherren. Ihre Verwaltung unterstand eigenen Kriegsministerien. Das sächsische und das württembergische Heer bildeten jeweils ein in sich geschlossenes Armeekorps innerhalb des deutschen Heeres. Das bayerische Heer stellte drei eigene Armeekorps und stand bei der Nummerierung der Truppenteile außerhalb der Zählung des restlichen Heeres. Die Kontingente der kleineren deutschen Staaten bildeten in der Regel geschlossene Verbände innerhalb des preußischen Heeres. Württemberg stellte zu Ausbildungszwecken Offiziere zum preußischen Heer ab. Lediglich Bayern verfügte neben Preußen über eine eigene Kriegsakademie. Die Trennung nach Herkunftsstaaten wurde unter den Notwendigkeiten des Ersten Weltkrieges zwar gelockert, aber nicht aufgegeben.
Der Kaiser hatte auch im Frieden das Recht, die Präsenzstärke festzulegen, die Garnisonen zu bestimmen, Festungen anzulegen und für einheitliche Organisation und Formation, Bewaffnung und Kommando sowie Ausbildung der Mannschaften und Qualifikation der Offiziere zu sorgen. Das Militärbudget wurde durch die Parlamente der einzelnen Bundesstaaten festgelegt. Als Streitkräfte außerhalb des Heeres standen die Schutztruppen der deutschen Kolonien und Schutzgebiete und die Marine einschließlich ihrer drei Seebataillone unter direktem Oberbefehl des Kaisers und der Verwaltung des Reichs.
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