I. Introduction A Brief History of Androgen Excess Ricardo Azziz II. Physiology of Androgens Ovarian and Adrenal Androgen Biosynthesis and Metabolis Walter L. Miller, David H. Geller, and Mitchell Rosen Androgens Throughout the Life of Women C. Richard Parker, Jr. Physiologic Effects of Androgens in Women T. Keta Hodgson and Glenn D. Braunstein Androgen Measurements: Methods, Interpretation and Limitations Frank Z. Stanczyk III. Pathophysiology of Androgen Excess Androgen-Secreting Adrenal and Ovarian Neoplasms Michel Pugeat, Gérald Raverot, Ingrid Plotton, Aude Brac de la Perrière, Pascale Mirakian, Henri Déchaud, Nicole Berger, and Jean Louis Peix Cushing's Syndrome Acromegaly and Androgen Excess Anne-Céline REYSS, Didier Dewailly The Non Classic Adrenal Hyperplasias Didier Dewailly and Ricardo Azzizb Pregnancy-Related Androgen Excess Howard D. McClamrock Drug-Induced Hyperandrogenism Christine Cortet-Rudelli and Didier Dewailly The Severe Insulin Resistant Hyperandrogenic Syndromes David E. Moller, Antonio Vidal-Puig, and Ricardo Azziz Idiopathic Hirsutism Enrico Carmina Definition and Epidemiology of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Ricardo Azziz Clinical Features of PCOS W. Futterweit, E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, and Ricardo Azziz Biochemical Features of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Adam Balen Ovarian Histology, Morphology and Ultrasonography in PCOS Sophie Jonard, Yann Robert, Yves Ardaens, and Didier Dewailly Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadotropic Dysfunction in PCOS R. Jeffrey Chang and Rinku V. Mehta Ovarian Steroidogenic Abnormalities in PCOS Denis A. Magoffin Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Bulent O.Yildiz, Enrico Carmina, and Ricardo Azziz The Genetic Basis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mark O. Goodarzi Pediatric Hyperandrogenism Kathleen M. Hoeger Environmental Factors in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Marie-France Hivert and Jean-Patrice Baillargeon Animal Models and Fetal Programming of PCOS David H. Abbott, Daniel A. Dumesic, Jon E. Levine, Andrea Dunaif, and Vasantha Padmanabhan Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinism in PCOS Paulina A. Essah and John E. Nestler The Endocrine Impact of Obesity and Body Habitus in PCOS Pasquali Renato and Gambineri Alessandra Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in PCOS Theodore P. Ciaraldi Menstrual Dysfunction and Endometrial Neoplasia Abdulkadir Wagley and Paul Hardiman Beta Cell Dysfunction, Glucose Intolerance, and Diabetes in PCOS David A. Ehrmann Hypertension, and Cardiovascular and Lipoprotein Abnormalities Francesco Orio and Stefano Palomba Reproductive and Obstetrical Consequences of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mary C. Johnson and Richard S. Legro Psychosocial and Quality-of-Life Consequences of Androgen Excess Onno E. Janssen, Susanne Hahn, and Sigrid Elsenbruch Overview of Long-Term Morbidity and Economic Cost of PCOS Ricardo Azziz IV. Evaluation and Treatment of Androgen Excess Clinical and Hormonal Evaluation of Androgen Excess Ricardo Azziz Ovarian Suppression and Treatment of Hirsutism Paolo Moghetti Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Ovulation Induction Bulent O. Yildiz and Ricardo Azziz In Vitro Fertilization for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Hanadi Ba-Akdah, Ezgi Demirtas, Hananel Holzer, William Buckett, and Seang Lin Tan The Surgical Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Adam Balen Use of Insulin Sensit
