孔子的时代正是奴隶社会逐渐衰亡，新兴封建制度逐渐兴起的历史过渡时期，他是这个过渡时期的过渡人物。孔子的思想基本上代表了当时比较开明的奴隶主思想，在一定程度上反映了社会前进的倾向和要求。书中第二章介绍了孔子出生于没落奴隶主贵族家庭，"少也贱"，长期生活在下层人物中，了解人民的愿望和要求；同时，他又有与当权者交往的机会，进可为官，这就是孔子既忠君又爱民思想产生的原因。孔子出生的鲁国是当时文化的中心，周朝的典章制度在鲁国保存得最完整，孔子自幼受到西周文化熏陶，因而对周礼非常熟悉和钦佩，"吾从周"便是他发自内心的话语。
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